More than 70 per cent of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and deaths around the world may be attributed to a small number of common but modifiable risk factors.
The findings are the result of large international study, involving more than 155,000 people in 21 countries, led by researchers of the Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) of McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences.
The study found some of the risks are the same around the world, such as hypertension or low education, but other risks vary by a country’s level of economic development, such as air pollution and poor diet which impact health more in middle- and low-income countries.
The 14 modifiable risk factors making up 70 per cent are metabolic factors such as hypertension, blood lipids, abdominal obesity; behavioural factors including smoking, diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, salt intake; strength as shown by hand grip; psychosocial factors such as education and depression, and environmental factors of indoor and outdoor air pollution.
In middle- and low-income countries, the risk factors of low education, poor diet, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use and low strength were most important.
Hypertension was found to be the largest factor among the metabolic factors; low education level was the single largest risk factor, and air pollution was the most important community-level risk factor.
The research was presented Sept. 3 at the European Society of Cardiology Congress and published in The Lancet.
More than 38 researchers from 21 countries around the world, including five from Canada, are authors of the research paper from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study led by the PHRI. It is the first global study to measure the same information the same way across five continents.
For this study, people were followed for an average of 9.5 years.
“It’s clear the majority of cardiovascular disease cases and deaths are accounted for by a small number of common and modifiable risk factors, these could be improved,” said Philip Joseph, a joint lead author of the paper. He is also a PHRI investigator, an associate professor of medicine at McMaster University and a cardiologist with Hamilton Health Sciences.
“What is notable is that several risk factors that have a large effect such as strength, low education and indoor and outdoor air pollution have been underappreciated in the past have turned out to be more important than others that we have paid much attention to such as obesity or salt,” he said.
The study clearly lays out direction for global improvements in prevention, said Salim Yusuf, principal investigator of the study, executive director of PHRI and professor of medicine at McMaster.
“Health policies should focus on risk factors that have the greatest impact on averting CVD and death globally, with additional emphasis on the risk factors of greatest importance in different countries,” he said.
The PURE study is supported by several Canadian health agencies including Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Health, along with unrestricted grants from several pharmaceutical companies, the PHRI and the Hamilton Health Sciences Research Institute, with additional contributions from various national or local organizations in participating countries.