Margaret McKinnon is a professor and the Homewood Research Chair in Mental Health and Trauma in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
Although mass shootings and gun violence have long plagued American communities, events like yesterday’s mass shooting at a high school in northern British Columbia are rare in Canada.
Following this tragedy, our communities may feel less safe and we may worry about family and loved ones.
The mental health and well-being of many Canadians will be impacted by this mass victimization event, including students and teachers present during the attack and their families, friends and peers. Supporters, including first responders and victim support providers, may also experience mental-health difficulties in the aftermath of the shooting.
Many survivors of mass shootings will experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression following the incident, with symptoms persisting one year or longer in a smaller group of survivors.
Reactions to traumatic events
Reactions to traumatic events may manifest as emotional, cognitive, interpersonal and physical symptoms.
Emotionally, individuals may become more irritable, experience trauma-related nightmares or struggle with feelings of guilt for not having done more to prevent or mitigate the event.
Cognitive reactions can involve difficulties with concentration, memory or making decisions.
Interpersonally, trauma survivors may find it harder to trust others who were not involved in the incident, or they may notice increased tension and conflict within family relationships.
Physical reactions can include gastrointestinal issues, headaches and difficulty sleeping.
Women, younger Canadians, and people belonging to racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to experience mental-health difficulties following exposure to gun violence.
The mental health and well-being of these groups, along with that of all survivors, should be carefully monitored, and early access to mental-health and well-being supports provided.
Community impacts
Communities are also impacted by mass shootings, including via mental distress associated with fear and anxiety and through school and business closures.
These impacts can persist past the immediate aftermath of the incident, pointing to the need for not only individual mental-health supports for survivors and supporters, but also public health interventions that can support the needs of the community.
Following mass victimization events like school shootings, promoting a sense of physical and emotional safety and providing opportunities for social support from family, friends and the community can assist in healing.
This may include providing for physical needs, such as blankets, and nourishing food, as well as promoting community connection through groups and organizations. Metaphorically speaking, it’s important for survivors and their supporters to remember to put their oxygen mask on first to best assist others.
Family support also contributes to recovery. Parents are encouraged to provide warmth and support, spend time and encourage talking to one another, and maintain routines and social connections as much as possible.
Support network resource
For a directory of mental health services across Canada, a mental health self-assessment tool and individual and community mental health tool kits, visit The Canadian Emergency Response Psychosocial Support Network (CanEMERG), which can can connect you with mental-health resources from coast to coast to coast.
CanEMERG was developed at McMaster University and is supported by financial contributions from the Public Health Agency of Canada.
Margaret McKinnon is a professor and the Homewood Research Chair in Mental Health and Trauma in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.